Zero-carbon grid energy storage

From Table 1, it can be seen that the common forms of energy composition in zero-carbon microgrid cases currently include photovoltaics, wind turbines, and energy storage equipment (primarily hydrogen storage, battery storage, and thermal storage).

Regarding economic issues, common solutions for achieving zero carbon goals in microgrids often combine distributed energy sources (such as photovoltaics and wind turbines) with energy storage equipment, .

5.1. Direction 1-large-scale low-price energy storage As discussed earlier, large-scale low-price energy storage plays an important role in achieving zero-carbon microgrids, including improving system feasibility, flexibility, and stability. However, such a kind of technology is still missing.

Up to now, it has been very difficult to develop zero or nearly zero carbon emissions in the main grid since the cost can be very high and the reliability may be very low when there exists an extremely high ratio of renewable power generation and large-scale energy storage.

However, using this kind of energy source will introduce carbon emissions. To achieve the target of carbon neutrality, the concept of zero-carbon microgrid is proposed to indicate a microgrid with zero or nearly zero carbon emissions with the consideration of both power generation to utilization .

Among the listed energy storage in Table 2, the PHES and LIBES are usually used for large-scale applications in microgrids . However, the first one is limited by geographical conditions and is always used in the main power grid, and the second one still needs high capital costs in zero-carbon microgrids.